fix: harden cluster rebuild determinism

ansible/roles/bootstrap-image-prepull/tasks/main.yml

@@ -21,14 +21,3 @@
   register: bootstrap_image_pull
   loop: "{{ bootstrap_prepull_images }}"
   changed_when: "'pulled image' in bootstrap_image_pull.stdout"
-  failed_when: false
-
-- name: Report bootstrap images that did not pre-pull after retries
-  debug:
-    msg: >-
-      Best-effort bootstrap image pre-pull did not complete for {{ item.item }} after
-      3 attempt(s): {{ item.stderr | default('no stderr') }}
-  loop: "{{ bootstrap_image_pull.results | default([]) }}"
-  loop_control:
-    label: "{{ item.item }}"
-  when: item.rc is defined and item.rc != 0